Embedded Muse 167 Copyright 2008 TGG October 23, 2008

EDITOR: Jack Ganssle, jack@ganssle.com

CONTENTS:
- Editor’s Notes
- Book Review
- The Failure of Reuse
- Jobs!
- Joke for the Week
- About The Embedded Muse

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Editor’s Notes

switch(city){
case San Jose:
case Phoenix:
case Austin:

Are you in the San Jose, Phoenix or Austin areas? I’ll present a public version of the Better Firmware Faster class in San Jose on December 8, Phoenix on December 10 and Austin on December 12. Registration and other info here: https://www.ganssle.com/classes.htm . You’ll earn 0.7 Continuing Education Units, learn a lot, and have more than a little fun. Sign up before November 8 and receive a $50.00 discount.
}

Harold Teague has an interesting question for Muse readers: We’re in the process of establishing job roles along the lines of firmware architect, firmware design engineer, and firmware integration/systems engineer. Does anyone have these or similar descriptions already defined?

Let me know what you think and I’ll publish the results here.

In the seemingly never-ending quest for the perfect communications monitor, Bill Eubank sent info about an RS-232 monitor that runs on a Game Boy! See http://www.databoy.netfirms.com/. He writes: I have had one of these for may years and I still use it regularly. It monitors both sides of the communications, receive and transmit. It can also capture this information and transfer it to a PC for storage and/or printing. I met Yosuf Taraki, the designer, several years ago. He's a very nice guy.

Book Review

Function point estimation methods are usually glossed over in a small section in program management books. “Practical Software Estimation” by M. A. Parthasarathy provides an in-depth discussion of function point-based methodologies for program management.

Unfortunately, with all these helpful examples, it was difficult to synthesize much of the information into something useful in real life for a number of reasons. First, the process seems so complicated that it is difficult to apply it to some projects. From the high level, the process is simple but the devil is in the details. Second, it seems time consuming. I do not think this method would work for small, fast projects.

Third, it requires the project manager to not only have a strong understanding of the requirements, but also how the design would breakdown. It is difficult to discern if this is a fault with the actual method or the author’s presentation.

I would recommend this book to a program manager on a large-scale, complex government contract with a long time horizon and a need for accurate schedule and costs. I would not recommend this for startup organizations, smaller project developers, or novice program managers.

The Failure of Reuse

Yet, my observations suggest that at least in the embedded space reuse has been a dismal failure.

First, let me define “reuse.” We can talk about carrying-over code, or salvaged code, both of which imply grabbing big source files and beating them into submission till a new product appears. Not to knock that; it’s much better than starting from scratch each time (but see my comments towards the end). We reach the nirvana of reuse, though, when we leave the source code alone, when we’re able to pluck a module from the virtual shelf and drop it in to a new project, unchanged.

Martin Griss and others have observed that a module isn’t really reusable till it has been reused three times. No matter how good our intentions, the first time we try to reuse something we discover a facet of the new problem the old module just can’t manage. So we tune it. This happens a couple of times till the thing is generally reusable. That’s not because we’re stupid; it’s simply because domain analysis is hard. No one is smart enough to understand how a function might get used in other apps.

It’s expensive to do a forward-looking design of a function or module. You’ll always save money –in the short term – solving today’s very specific problem while ignoring the anticipated demands of future projects. If you elect to pursue a careful program of reuse your projects will initially come in late and over-budget.

Reuse is hard. It’s like a savings account. My kids complain that if they stick a few bucks in the bank then that’s money they can’t use… and it’s just a piddling sum anyway. Sure. The value of savings comes after making regular deposits. Ditto for reuse. The cost is all up-front, the benefits come from withdrawals made in later years.

Sure, we all know the long-term outweighs today’s concerns. (Though the recent financial meltdown suggests that’s a lesson some CEOs have missed). Most bosses buy into the idea of the benefits of reuse, without being willing to stand the pain of creating the reusable components. And that’s the rub. When the ship date looms closer, too many bosses will tell us to toss out any sort of discipline that has long-term benefits in pursuit of a near-term release. So, in practice, reuse often fails since schedules generally dominate over any other parameter.

I also suspect most of us don’t want to reuse code. 35% of RTOSes are homebrew, despite at least 100 commercial – free and otherwise – products on the market. Nothing is easier to beg, borrow or buy than an RTOS, yet most of us still refuse to practice even this most simple of all reuse strategies. Why is this? I’ve heard many specious arguments (too expensive, yet there are plenty of freebies; we don’t trust the code, but some are safety certified, etc), plus a few really good arguments (it’s all legacy code, no one is willing to make risky changes).

I think aggressive reuse is our only hope of salvation from the morass of expensive and unreliable code. Building correct firmware is so difficult that we and our bosses have a fiduciary responsibility to find ways to make it reusable.

But we’re not doing it. Sure it’s hard. Yes, it’s initially expensive. And of course we cannot reuse everything; a lot of what we build will always be inherently unreusable, like hardware drivers that get tossed with each new spin of the design.

So what’s the deal? Why is reuse such a failure? Is the best we can do, or chose to do, is to salvage old source files?

A closing comment: In “Empirically analyzing software reuse in a production environment,” Selby et al showed that hacking source has quickly-diminishing benefits. Once one changes more than about a quarter of the code there’s not much cost saving over starting from scratch.

Jobs!

Joke for the Week

- Write "lighter" code.
- Declare all variables as "volatile".
- Recursive calls to function ReduceWeight(int CurrentWeight).
- Use more powerful microcontrollers so that we reduce the CPU "load".
- Delete all comments from the code.
- Use an operating system with a bigger "footprint". That way, we distribute the weight on a bigger area (less pounds per inch).
- Leave all I/O pins "floating".
- Always use "Tiny" memory model.
- Stop using processes. Use only "light-weight processes".
- Do more "on-the-fly" processing.
- Stop drawing state diagrams with rectangles, use "bubbles" instead.
- Don't eliminate all bugs. Remember some bugs can fly.

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